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Animal Farm by George Orwell – A Timeless Political Allegory
“Animal Farm” by George Orwell, first published in 1945, is one of the most influential political works of the 20th century. Beneath its deceptively simple surface — a tale of farm animals rebelling against their human master — lies a powerful and chilling allegory about revolution, corruption, and the cyclical nature of power. Orwell’s novella exposes how ideals of equality and freedom can easily be perverted by ambition and tyranny, making it a timeless reflection on political manipulation and human nature.
Plot Overview: From Revolution to Dictatorship
The story begins at Manor Farm, where the animals, led by the wise old boar Old Major, dream of a world free from human oppression. Major’s vision inspires a revolution, and after his death, the animals, led by the pigs Napoleon and Snowball, overthrow the human farmer, Mr. Jones. They rename the property Animal Farm and establish a new philosophy — Animalism — based on equality, unity, and shared labor.
At first, the farm thrives. The animals work together, believing they are building a fair and just society. The Seven Commandments of Animalism are painted on the barn wall, with the core principle: “All animals are equal.”
However, as time passes, the pigs — who assume leadership — begin to bend the rules. Napoleon, driven by ambition, expels Snowball and consolidates power. Assisted by Squealer, the propaganda master, Napoleon gradually transforms from a revolutionary leader into a ruthless dictator.
The commandments are subtly altered to justify the pigs’ actions — sleeping in beds, drinking alcohol, and eventually, walking on two legs. The hardworking horse Boxer, a symbol of loyalty and the exploited working class, continues to labor tirelessly, believing that “Napoleon is always right.” His tragic fate — sold to the knacker when he is no longer useful — reveals the cruel betrayal of the very ideals the animals once fought for.
In the novella’s haunting conclusion, the other animals can no longer distinguish pigs from humans. The dream of equality is gone, replaced by the chilling truth painted on the barn:
“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”
Main Characters and Their Symbolic Roles
Napoleon: A large Berkshire boar who represents Joseph Stalin. Napoleon’s rise to power and his manipulation of the revolution reflect how absolute authority corrupts. He becomes increasingly tyrannical, using fear, violence, and propaganda to maintain control.
Snowball: Intelligent and idealistic, Snowball symbolizes Leon Trotsky. He believes in spreading the revolution and improving animal life through education and innovation, but his vision is crushed by Napoleon’s authoritarianism.
Squealer: The master of propaganda. Squealer manipulates language to justify every action taken by the pigs. He is the voice of state-controlled media, twisting truth to sustain Napoleon’s rule.
Boxer: The loyal, hardworking cart-horse who represents the working class. His faith in Napoleon and his mottoes — “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right” — show how the masses can be exploited by leaders who prey on their trust.
Clover: A motherly mare who symbolizes compassion and common sense. She sees the hypocrisy of the pigs but feels powerless to stop it.
Benjamin: A cynical donkey who understands what’s happening but believes resistance is futile. He embodies intellectual skepticism and the dangers of passive awareness.
Old Major: The wise old pig whose vision sparks the rebellion. He represents Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, the founders of revolutionary ideology, whose ideals are later corrupted.
The Dogs: Napoleon’s private army, symbolizing the secret police (like the KGB). They enforce his rule through fear and violence.
Themes and Symbolism
1. Power and Corruption
Orwell’s central message is clear: power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The animals’ revolution begins with noble ideals, but those in power — the pigs — slowly twist them to serve their own interests. Napoleon’s transformation from leader to tyrant mirrors the betrayal of revolutionary ideals seen throughout history.
2. The Betrayal of Ideals
The story reveals how revolutions can be hijacked by opportunists. The Seven Commandments, once symbols of equality, are rewritten until they lose all meaning. This manipulation of ideology reflects Orwell’s warning that even the most righteous causes can be perverted by greed and ambition.
3. Propaganda and Language Manipulation
Squealer’s speeches show how propaganda sustains authoritarian rule. He constantly alters facts, confuses logic, and appeals to emotion — demonstrating how language can be used not to reveal truth, but to obscure it. Orwell’s insight here was prophetic, foreshadowing how governments and media can distort reality to control public thought.
4. Class Struggle and Exploitation
Each group of animals represents a social class: the pigs are the ruling elite, the dogs the enforcers, and the other animals the oppressed working class. The cycle of exploitation continues — first under humans, then under pigs — illustrating that without awareness, history repeats itself.
5. Ignorance and Blind Obedience
The animals’ inability to read, question authority, or remember the past allows Napoleon to maintain power. Orwell shows that a society that neglects education and critical thinking becomes vulnerable to tyranny.
6. The Illusion of Equality
The most famous line in the book — “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others” — encapsulates Orwell’s critique of false equality. The pigs create a new hierarchy disguised as democracy, reflecting the hypocrisy of totalitarian regimes that claim to serve the people while oppressing them.
Historical and Political Context
Written in the aftermath of World War II, Animal Farm directly satirizes the events leading to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the rise of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was deeply critical of how communism’s ideals had been betrayed by totalitarian rule.
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Napoleon’s dictatorship mirrors Stalin’s reign, characterized by purges, propaganda, and repression.
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Snowball’s exile parallels Trotsky’s expulsion and assassination.
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The construction of the windmill reflects Stalin’s Five-Year Plans and the exploitation of workers.
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The pigs’ alliance with humans symbolizes the Soviet Union’s political hypocrisy in forming alliances with capitalist nations.
Yet Orwell’s warning extends beyond Soviet politics. Animal Farm is a universal allegory — relevant wherever power is abused and truth manipulated. Its critique applies to dictatorships, corporate monopolies, and even modern political systems.
Literary Style and Symbolism
Orwell’s writing is clear, direct, and deceptively simple. He uses the form of a fable — traditionally a children’s genre — to deliver a devastating political message. This contrast between form and content enhances the story’s impact: the talking animals may seem innocent, but their story exposes the darkest aspects of human behavior.
The farm itself symbolizes a nation, while the animals represent different social classes. The windmill stands for industrial progress twisted into propaganda. The Seven Commandments echo political constitutions that are rewritten to justify corruption.
Every symbol in Animal Farm serves Orwell’s warning: when power is unchecked and truth is distorted, freedom dies quietly — not with a bang, but with a bleat.
Why “Animal Farm” Remains Relevant Today
Even decades after its publication, Animal Farm remains a chillingly relevant reflection of modern society. It warns against:
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Political propaganda and disinformation.
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The exploitation of workers by ruling elites.
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The manipulation of truth in media and government.
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The dangers of blind loyalty and apathy.
In today’s digital age, where truth is often shaped by algorithms and narratives, Orwell’s message is more urgent than ever: Stay vigilant. Question power. Remember history.
Conclusion: A Fable That Speaks for All Ages
Animal Farm is not just a critique of one political system — it is a timeless exploration of how power corrupts and how easily freedom can vanish. Orwell forces readers to confront the uncomfortable truth that tyranny often grows from within revolutions themselves.
Its enduring relevance, moral clarity, and powerful simplicity make it one of the greatest political works ever written. Whether read as a fable, satire, or historical allegory, it remains a story that challenges us to think critically about leadership, equality, and truth.
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